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Distributional Analysis – PBS Scheme

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) provides all Australians with access to low-cost medicines for a growing list of common medical conditions. The Australian Government pays the cost for these medications with citizens making a contribution: the PBS Co-Payment. First, this essay will outline the institutional arrangements of the PBS Co-Payment in both the public and private spheres. Next, this essay will analyse its distributional effects on various demographic groups, specifically age, gender and relationship status. The relative fairness of policy is informed by both ideological and societal expectations. Definitions of fairness will be explored in relation to the PBS Co-Payment using McClelland’s five philosophical traditions (2010: 17-18) and Welch’s societal standards of fairness (2014: 80).

The PBS Co-payment is a government-subsidised contribution made by individuals towards the cost of approved prescription medicines (Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 107). The Government pays for the difference between the co-payment and the actual cost of the medication (DH 2016a). The Co-Payment has both a general and a concessional rate as does the PBS Safety Net, which limits the costs individuals and their families1 have to pay for medications each year (DH 2016a). When reached, the general patient rate reduces to the concessional rate while concession card holders no longer have to make a contribution (DH 2016a). The general patient PBS Co-Payment rate is available to any Australian resident with a Medicare card2 and concessional rates are available to aged, disability or single parent pensioners; seniors, unemployed and low income health care card holders; and veterans3 (DHS 2016a; DH 2016a).

The Department of Health is responsible for PBS policy decisions, legislated under the National Health Act 1953 and part of the wider National Medicines Policy framework (DH 2016a; DH 2014; Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 108). The PBS Co-Payment is administered by the Department of Human Services, through Medicare (DH 2016a; DHS 2016a). Medicines are approved for sale within Australia by the Therapeutic Goods Authority (TGA) (Biggs 2003). Once approved, pharmaceutical companies may apply for PBS Listing through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Council (PBAC). PBAC then makes recommendations to the Minister for Health, after considering each new drug’s medical and cost effectiveness compared to alternatives (Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 108-109; DH 2016b). Both the TGA and the PBAC are administered by the Department of Health; however, the PBAC is an independent body funded by the pharmaceutical industry under the National Health (Pharmaceuticals and Vaccines — Cost Recovery) Regulations 2009 (DH 2016c; Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 105).

Industry membership organisations and professionals are important facets of the policy’s formation and delivery. Since 2010, the price of pharmaceuticals has been determined by a memorandum of understanding between the Australian Government (2010) and Medicines Australia, representative for “discovery-driven” pharmaceutical manufacturers (MA 2016). The Australian Medical Association is the industry representative for “registered medical practitioners” and ensure doctors retain independence in clinical decisions (AMA 2016). Medical practitioners and pharmacists are the frontline of PBS Co-Payment service delivery. Doctors provide prescriptions for medications best suited to their patients’ needs; meanwhile, pharmacists are responsible for the collection of patient contributions as well as dispensing medicines (DH 2016b). These arrangements form part of Community Pharmacy Agreements between the Pharmacy Guild of Australia and the Australian Government (PGA 2015a). Despite opposition, pharmacists are now able to discount the co-payment by $1 at their discretion (DH 2016a; PGA 2015b).

Since its introduction, the PBS has maintained a balance of both universalist and targeted policy (Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 105). When the co-payment was introduced in 1960, PBS medicines were provided free of charge to pensioners and other patients were required to make a small contribution (Biggs 2003). In 1983 a concessional co-payment was introduced and this was extended to include pensioners in 1990 (Biggs 2003). Since 2003, the co-payment amount has almost doubled, with general patients now paying $38.30 per medication and concessional patients paying $6.20 (Biggs 2003; DHS 2016b). In 1986, to counteract rising costs for the “chronically ill”, a PBS Safety Net was implemented (Biggs 2003). This too has doubled in the last 15 years: general and concessional patients now contribute $1,475.70 and $372 respectively before reaching the Safety Net (Biggs 2003; DHS 2016b). In 2011-12, the Australian Government spent $10 billion on pharmaceutical subsidies with PBS prescriptions accounting for “70% of all prescriptions dispensed in Australia” (Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 104) and concessional patients accounted for 80% of all PBS prescriptions (AIHW 2014: 34, 428; AIHW 2015: 24).

This essay will consider the PBS Co-Payment’s distributional effects in relation to age and gender, particularly in terms of relationship status and the amount of medications taken. The likelihood of taking medication increases age, as does the likelihood of taking multiple medications (ABS 2010: 19; ABS 1999: 5). Statistics show a jump in the use of multiple medications after the age of 65, which is also around the age most people retire (ABS 1999: 5; Morgan, et al. 2012: 51). This age group is made up of aged pensioners4, low income retirees with a seniors health card, and self-funded retirees. The first two groups receive concessional rates, while the last does not. The majority of people who receive concessional rates are aged pensioners and 55% of all aged pensioners are women (DSS 2014: 6, 8). The PBS Co-payment is paid per medication, so those patients using multiple medications are affected more than those using only one medication at a time. Of those who regularly use medications, until the age of 65 most people only take one or two however this increases to around 60% of people taking three or more medications after the age of 65 (ABS 1999: 5). Of those that have attended a GP in the last 12 months, women are more likely than men to have received a prescription (ABS 2010: 5, 19; ABS 2011: 2). Furthermore, research by Morgan et al shows that after the age of 65, women were significantly more likely than men to have taken five or more medications in the previous 24 hours (2012: 51).

The PBS Safety Net applies to the family unit, whether this consists of a single individual; a single individual and their children; or, a couple with or without children (DHS 2016b; DH 2016a). This means that the larger the family unit, the less medications each individual needs to be prescribed before the safety net is reached. In 2006, 61% of all adults lived with their partner (ABS 2009a: 7). While men and women had similar chances of living alone up until the age of 50, the amount of women living alone increases significantly at that point (ABS 2009b: 5) Longer life expectancy rates for women leads to men being more likely than women to be in a relationship in the over 75s demographic, while 78% of women over 65 who live alone are widowed (ABS 2009a: 6-7; ABS 2016; ABS 2015).

Definitions of fairness and the social policies they inform vary; furthermore, these notions of fairness are often conflicting and contested. This essay considers McClelland’s philosophical traditions (2010: 16-19) in the context of Welch’s sample list of societal concepts of fairness (2014: 80), adding two more definitions: fairness as “the greatest good for the greatest number” and ‘to each based on their personal choice’ (McClelland 2010: 17-18). The Egalitarian tradition (McClelland 2010: 17) is embodied in the phrase “to each according to need” (Welch 2014: 80). By this definition, a concessional co-payment is an appropriate means of achieving fairness for aged and invalid pensioners; however, the lack of PBS-listed medicines for rare diseases and the inability to prescribe medications for unapproved conditions is unfair. If fairness is defined as “recognition of societal contribution” (Welch 2014: 80), the existing arrangements for a reduced co-payment for pensioners and veterans are very fair, while the concessional rate for the unemployed could be seen as unfair. If raising children is perceived as being a ‘societal contribution’, then the benefits of families having the same Safety Net as individuals would also be fair. This perspective is reminiscent of a both Communitarian and Conservative traditions (McClelland 2010: 17-18).

The PBS Co-Payment is a fair arrangement, if using the Social Liberal definition of “the greatest good for the greatest number” (McClelland 2010: 17), because the majority of prescriptions are used by concessional patients and Safety Net arrangements limit personal costs for the chronically ill. The policy is universalist in that all Australian benefit from reduced medication costs. This appeals to notions of fairness as “equal shares for all” (Welch 2014: 80). This perspective may consider concessional rates to be unfair; furthermore, the application of the same Safety Net to individuals and families would also be unfair. The PBS Co-Payment conflicts with Libertarian values of both individual and market freedom, where fairness is ‘to each based on their personal choice’ (McClelland 2010: 17). This standpoint drove Australia’s medical community to argue against the introduction of the PBS due to it being “an intrusion on doctors’ free choice of treatment options for their patients” (Lofgren & Harvey 2012: 104). A Libertarian ‘user pays’ mentality is echoed in “to each according to ability to pay” (Welch 2014: 80). By this measure, the PBS Co-Payment would be considered to be unfair, because it involves government interference into the freedom of the market.

The PBS Co-Payment is implemented using an intricate network of institutional arrangements involving Federal government departments, independent statutory bodies, lobby groups, medical professionals and patients. Maintaining a delicate balance between universalist and targeted policy, the PBS Co-Payment is relatively fair for as many people as possible. However, limiting medications available and applying safety nets to families regardless of size does lead to some inequality for patients who are single or have a rare condition. As can be seen in the distributional analysis above, the PBS Co-Payment policy is advantageous for large families and concession card holders. The policy is most detrimental for single women, especially those with chronic conditions that work or self-funded retirees.

 

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1 See page 3 for the definition of the family unit in regards to the PBS Safety Net.
2 This rate is also applicable to foreign visitors whose home country is a part of Australia’s Reciprocal Health Care Agreement.
3 Veterans are covered by the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (RPBS), but co-payment amounts are the same as for concessional patients. This scheme is administered and funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs and includes more medicines than those available to the general public. For more information, please see http://ift.tt/2jQn5YF
4 Including veterans, see footnote 3.

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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 1999. 1995 National Health Survey: Use of Medications.’ (cat.no. 4377.0) Canberra: ABS.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2009b. Australian Social Trends December 2009. (cat.no. 4102.0) Canberra: ABS.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2009a. Australian Social Trends March 2009. (cat.no. 4102.0) Canberra: ABS.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2011. Australian Social Trends March 2011. (cat.no. 4102.0) Canberra: ABS.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2015. Deaths, Australia, 2014. (cat.no. 3302.0). Canberra: ABS.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2010. Health Services: Patient Experiences in Australia, 2009. (cat.no. 4839.0.55.001) Canberra: ABS.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2016. Population by Age and Sex, Regions of Australia, 2015. (cat.no.3235.0) Canberra: ABS.

Australian Institute of Health and Wellbeing (AIHW). 2014. Australia's Health 2014. Canberra: AIHW.

Australian Institute of Health and Wellbeing (AIHW). 2015. Health expenditure Australia 2013–14: analysis by sector. Canberra: AIHW.

Australian Medical Association (AMA). 2016. About the AMA. Accessed October 2, 2016. http://ift.tt/2jQgA8o.

Australian Government. 2010. Memorandum of Understanding. Accessed October 2, 2016. http://ift.tt/2kbdXKk.

Biggs, Amanda. 2003. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme - an Overview. E-Brief. Canberra: Parliament of Australia, 2 January. Accessed September 25, 2016. http://ift.tt/2jQdqBs.

Department of Health (DH). 2016a. About the PBS. 1 July. Accessed October 2, 2016. http://ift.tt/RZ45VM.

Department of Health (DH). 2014. National Medicines Policy Document. Accessed October 15, 2016. http://ift.tt/1KhTMTb.

Department of Health (DH). 2016b. PBS Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed October 12, 2016. http://ift.tt/2kb6Dyq.

Department of Health (DH). 2016c. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Cost Recovery, Fees and charges - Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed October 14, 2016. http://ift.tt/2jQq17E.

Department of Human Services (DHS). 2016b. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) Safety Net. 14 September. Accessed October 3, 2016. http://ift.tt/2csR8js.

Department of Human Services (DHS). 2016a. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. 14 September. Accessed October 5, 2016. http://ift.tt/2jQr87B.

Department of Social Services (DSS). 2014. Income support customers: a statistical overview 2013. Canberra: DSS.

Lofgren, Hans, and Ken Harvey. 2012. ‘The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.’ In Understanding the Australian Health Care System, eds Eileen Willis, Louise Reynolds and Helen Keleher. Chatswood: Churchill Livingstone Australia, , 103-115.

Medicines Australia (MA). 2016. Our Role. Accessed October 2, 2016. http://ift.tt/1Qtqu8I.

McClelland, Alison. 2010. ‘Chapter 2: Values, Concepts and Social Policy Design.’ In Social Policy in Australia: Understanding for Action, eds Alison McClelland and Paul Smyth. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press, 16-31.

Morgan, Tessa K, Margaret Williamson, Marie Pirotta, Kay Stewart, Stephen P Myers, and Joanne Barnes. 2012. ‘A national census of medicines use: a 24-hour snapshot of Australians aged 50 years and older.’ Medical Journal of Australia 196 (1): 50-53.

Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA). 2015a. Community Pharmacy. Accessed October 2, 2016. http://ift.tt/2jQmB4W.

Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA). 2015b. Discounting the PBS. Accessed October 2, 2016. http://ift.tt/1SzgWtb.

Welch, D. Don. 2014. ‘Serving Justice: Fairness.’ In A Guide to Ethics and Public Policy. ProQuest Ebook Central: Taylor and Francis, 79-96.

 

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Playing to learn

The sound of children laughing, singing and chattering fills the playground of the Steiner school kindergarten. This isn’t called recess; in this kindergarten, playing outdoors is a focussed class activity all year round.

According to the School’s kindergarten teacher, “play in our kindergarten is given priority; really everything else is wrapped around it. Play is practise for life, it is the child’s work and helps them develop physically, socially, and emotionally, it is a means of learning to live. When children play, they learn more than they ever could be formally taught.”

Playing to learn at the Steiner school.

And it isn’t just outdoors where play is encouraged. The walls inside the Kindergarten are adorned with baskets of odd wood bits, shells, cloths, all awaiting the child to imbue them with life. “I’ve witnessed small triangular off-cuts of wood, transformed into helicopters, diggers, wings, cars, houses anything you can possibly imagine and a lot more,” she said.

“Simple pieces of wood, paper, bamboo or material can be used to spark imaginative play. I’ve seen the children create intricate marble runs and enjoy just sitting back and watching the little scientists and engineers in action. The hum of business and the satisfaction emanating from these children tells me they have just what they need: simple unformed play things and time to explore.”

Research has proven the importance of play to the work and discoveries of scientists and inventors. To cultivate problem solving skills the development of imagination and creativity is essential and this is being increasingly recognised by early childhood educators.

“Imagination is valued highly and nurtured in all possible ways in the kindergarten,” she said. “For example, the simplicity of our play things allows children to create what they want the object to be today and by telling stories from memory we allow the child to create their inner pictures and to strengthen imagination.”

Enrolments for 2011 are open now. To learn more about the Steiner school kindergarten, or for an enrolment pack, please contact the school on [PHONE NUMBER].

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Wishes come true at Woodford

Playing a gig at the Woodford Folk Festival is a dream come true for Jess Ribeiro. Jess will be bringing her band The Bone Collectors from across Australia to Woodford, Queensland for the 25th anniversary of the 6-day music, art, theatre, dance and culture festival, starting December 27.

“I’m so excited to go back to Woodford as a performer.  The last time I went to Woodford I decided not to return again until I was performing and now my wish has come true so I am delighted,” she said.

 

Jess Ribeiro's dream is about to come true.

Jess Ribeiro and the Bone Collectors will be playing five shows on five different stages throughout the festival including featuring in the new art and music extravaganza ‘Trailer Trash’.

Trailer Trash is a brash, ballsy new project showcasing live art alongside awesome music in one of the hottest new precincts in Woodfordia. Young and emerging Australian and International artists will provide the visuals, and the live music is a highlight, with diverse bands bridging the rapidly decreasing divide between music and art.

Programmed artists are complemented by chalkboard sessions with friends of the crew jumping in to create new formations – watch as the musicians go from electric to acoustic, artists unite to form mega-groups, or someone completely new takes to the stage and blows you away amidst the buzz of live art.

“The Trailer Trash project sounds exciting, I have no idea what we will be doing yet and whom we will be doing it with,” Jess said.

“Hopefully there will be lots of colourful folk to play with us like the hairiest man in the world, some dancing girls, maybe the smallest woman in the world  . . . I don’t know what’s going to happen but its going to be a great mash up of music, theatre and art.”

The Woodford Folk Festival runs from Monday, December 27 to Saturday, January 1. Jess Ribero and the Bone Collectors will be playing Monday 8.15pm at the Joyluck Club, Tuesday 7.15pm at the Bazaar, Wednesday 12pm at the Parlour, Friday 4.30pm in the Chai Tent and then from 10am on Saturday at Trailer Trash.

Programmes and tickets are available on the Woodford Folk Festival website http://ift.tt/J132zZ or call the Queensland Folk Federation on 07 5496 1066. Selected newsagents have the programmes, check online for these outlets.

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Songbird comes back to her roots

Jess Ribeiro and The Bone Collectors will be travelling back to Armidale to play with the USA’s Charlie Parr at The Armidale Club on January 21.

Jess Ribeiro doesn’t know how to be bored.

Her music career is flourishing, she’s teaching this term at The Armidale Waldorf School and as soon as the school holidays start she’ll be off again – touring the country with her band The Bone Collectors.

Since moving to Darwin in 2006, Jess’s musical journey has gone from strength to strength. Good luck with flatmates led to the formation of the band with Rob Law and the pair quickly established themselves as a sound to be reckoned with.

“Rob and I instantly got along and both liked each other’s style of playing,” Jess said. “Working with him is easy because we both really like making music together.”

The name The Bone Collectors comes from the story of an ancient being who wanders the earth collecting bones and singing them back into creation, a sentiment that is echoed in the simple beauty of Jess’s songs.

Picked in the top 20 of Triple J Unearthed ‘next crop’ artists in 2008, the band is now on rotation on the ABC’s youth radio station, especially with the release of the new demo single ‘Robin was a Goth’. However, Jess attributes her band’s success to touring, not radio coverage.

“We tour in a lot of remote places around Australia where the people would never listen to stations like Triple J, so I think touring and live performance has contributed more to people listening and buying our music,” Jess said.

“We toured through central Australia this year and, surprisingly, everywhere we went was packed out. The audiences were just very hungry and enthusiastic about live music playing in their town. 

“We usually have the same experience whenever we play outside most cities in Australia: people remember you from their town and when they visit a city where you are playing they come to the shows.”

During the past few years Jess Ribeiro and The Bone Collectors have been on the same line-up as artists such as Paul Kelly, Kate Miller-Heidke and Darren Hanlon, but these aren’t the only fellow Aussie rockers who have helped Jess on her career.

“In 2009 I participated in the JB Seed, John Butler’s Music Management mentorship which emerging artists and music managers from Armidale should definitely look into,” Jess said.

“It was five days of intensive workshops with people of all areas of the music industry and the best thing was making new friendships with people from all across Australia.”

This year has been busy with festivals in Darwin, Alice Springs, Perth, and Melbourne   while negotiating a label and distribution contract for the album, which Jess says they are hoping to release mid-2011.

“The date keeps being put back, but we’re really keen to see everything sorted by the end of May,” she said.

This summer is set to be just as frantic, with the music festival season in full swing by the time school holidays roll around.

“I’m excited to be doing some more shows around the place with the band, it’s always a great adventure,” Jess said.

The touring will start with the Woodford Folk Festival in Queensland from December 27 to January 2. At Woodford, Jess will join the likes of Arrested Development, The Cat Empire, You Am I and Tim Freedman of The Whitlams.

“Being on the same line up as big acts is inspiring. You get to watch and learn from their brilliance and sometimes chat to them and hang out before or after a show,” Jess said.

“I’m so excited to go back to Woodford as a performer.  The last time I went to Woodford I decided not to return again until I was performing and now my wish has come true so I am delighted.”

Jess Ribeiro and the Bone Collectors will play five shows on five different stages throughout the festival. This includes featuring in a new art and music project ‘Trailer Trash’, which features international and national guest performers from all realms of theatre, music and art, jumping in to create new art-scapes.

“The Trailer Trash project sounds exciting, I have no idea what we will be doing yet and whom we will be doing it with,” Jess said.

“Hopefully there will be lots of colourful folk to play with us like the hairiest man in the world, some dancing girls, maybe the smallest woman in the world . . . I don’t know what’s going to happen but its going to be a great mash up of music, theatre and art.”

After gigs along the coast, Jess will be home briefly when the band joins the USA’s Charlie Parr at the Armidale Club on January 19.

“This will be the first time I bring a member of the band home with me to play in Armidale so that’s something new and refreshing for everyone,” Jess said.

“I hope we can get lots of people to the show because we’ll be supporting Charlie Parr, a really captivating one-man act who recently supported Paul Kelly around the country.

“He plays the lap steel guitar and sings about outlaws and bushrangers like Ned Kelly and Jesse James. Once he starts playing you are instantly transported to another time and place.”

From Armidale, Jess Ribeiro and The Bone Collectors will play in Sydney and Adelaide before recording in an old church in Gippsland with Greg Walker, who most recently worked on Gotye’s latest album.

Wherever 2011 takes the band, you can be sure Jess Ribeiro will continue across Australia singing songs, telling stories and mending tired bones.

 

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Brochure – Kuchipudi Dance School

Brochure – Kuchipudi Dance School

The threads of tradition and innovation are woven through the classes and performances of the Kuchipudi Dance School. Rhythmic percussion and harmonies are seamlessly intertwined with intricate footwork and gestures; each movement accentuated by precise facial expression and visual splendour. At Kuchipudi Dance School, each student is given the techniques and knowledge to use these tools to create a storytelling tapestry, where every action adds a layer of meaning to the performance.

About the Academy

Dedicated to mentoring the future of Kuchipudi, the teachers at Kuchipudi Dance School provide students the space to express themselves artistically. The curriculum is focussed on fostering the unique talents of each student by providing innovative lesson plans, an empowering environment and the opportunity to perform publicly.

The Kuchipudi Dance School is devoted to promoting cultural understanding through the classical art form of Kuchipudi and ensuring the legacy of this classical dance style for future generations. Classes and workshops provide physical exercises designed to increase the strength, flexibility and suppleness of the student, as well as a theoretical understanding of the Kuchipudi tradition.

Whether you are young or old, new to dancing or a seasoned professional, the Kuchipudi Dance School provides classes to suit all students, regardless of their age and ability. From their first lesson until their rangapravesam and beyond, students are empowered to find their own strengths and confidence through the art of Kuchipudi.

About Kuchipudi

Kuchipudi Dance School is named after the Yogi Siddhendra who tradition says created the devotional dance theater of Kuchipudi. With roots stretching back 20 centuries, Kuchipudi has seen a modern revival and has developed into the vivid and sophisticated art form it is today.

Heavily influenced by the Natya Shastra theory of the classical theatrical arts, Kuchipudi makes full use of the abhinaya, four ways of conveying meaning and emotions to the audience. These are the movement of the body (angika), use of speech (vachika), the dancers’ adornment (aharya) and, the most technically difficult, delicate facial movements to provide true expression of the character’s inner emotions (sattvika).

Kuchipudi’s use of the abhinaya creates a multi-layered performance combining drama, poetry, song, dance, sign language, mime and music to create a symbolic and expressive theatrical experience for the audience. Colorful costumes, ornate headdresses, jewellery and make up are also used to convey meaning and accentuate the rhythmic movements and intricate expressions of the artist.

About the Artistic Director

Kuchipudi Dance School founder and artistic director Guru Swathi has spent a lifetime honing her artistic craft to reach the forefront of the Kuchipudi dance tradition. At five Guru Swathi started her training in Kuchipudi, at seven she achieved her rangapravesam and by 16 she was choreographing original performances.

Since these auspicious beginnings, Guru Swathi has refined her skills and is lauded for her innovative dancing style, exemplary teaching approach and meticulous attention to the traditions and finer details of her art. Highly revered as a Kuchipudi artist, she has received numerous accolades and critical acclaim throughout her international career. Guru Swathi’s artistic excellence is showcased through all aspects of her work as a dancer, choreographer and teacher.

Further Information

For further information or to enrol in the Kuchipudi Dance School please contact us on [INSERT PHONE NUMBER] or email [INSERT EMAIL].

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Web – Kuchipudi Dance School

A dedication to tradition, innovation and fostering each student’s unique talent drives the teachers at Kuchipudi Dance School.

Under the artistic direction of founder Guru Swathi, Kuchipudi Dance School provides Kuchipudi training throughout New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. Whether you are young or old, new to dancing or a seasoned professional, Guru Swathi adjusts her classes to suit the age and ability of her students. She has imparted her creative knowledge to over 1500 students in a career that has spanned 35 years.

From their first lesson until their rangapravesam and beyond, students are empowered to find their own strengths and confidence through the art of Kuchipudi. With innovative teaching methods and spectacular public performances, Kuchipudi Dance School provides a space for students to express themselves artistically.

Kuchipudi Dance School carefully balances creative innovation with classical traditions, maintaining the cultural integrity of the classical Kuchipudi style. The Kuchipudi Dance School is devoted to promoting cultural understanding through Kuchipudi and ensuring the legacy of this art form for future generations. Classes and workshops provide physical exercises designed to increase the strength, flexibility and suppleness of the student, as well as a theoretical understanding of the Kuchipudi tradition.

Kuchipudi Dance School is named after the Yogi Siddhendra who tradition says created the devotional dance theater of Kuchipudi. With roots stretching back 20 centuries, Kuchipudi has seen a modern revival and has developed into the vivid and sophisticated art form it is today.

A multi-layered performance, Kuchipudi combines drama, dance, sign language, mime and music to create a vibrant theatrical experience for the audience. Colorful costumes, ornate headdresses, jewellery and make up are also used to convey meaning and accentuate the rhythmic movements and intricate expressions of the artist.

Heavily influenced by the Natya Shastra theory of the classical theatrical arts, Kuchipudi makes full use of the abhinaya, four ways of conveying meaning and emotions to the audience. Angika represents the movement of the body, vachika is the use of speech which is expressed through song and miming words in Kuchipudi. The aharya abhinaya represents the meaning conveyed through the dancers’ costumes and make up. The most technically difficult abhinaya is the sattvika: the true expression of the character’s inner emotions conveyed through delicate facial movements creating an authentic emotional response from the artist and the audience. 

Guru Swathi - Founder/Artistic Director of Kuchipudi Dance School

Guru Swathi has spent a lifetime honing her artistic craft to reach the forefront of the Kuchipudi dance tradition. In a global career that spans over 35 years, Guru Swathi’s creative journey has seen her study under some of the great names of Kuchipudi.

At the age of five, Guru Swathi started her training in Kuchipudi and at seven achieved rangapravesam: her stage debut and first step as an artist in her own right. By 16, she was choreographing original performances. Since these auspicious beginnings, Guru Swathi has refined her skills learning from such Kuchipudi greats as Gurus Sri Satya Kumar and Vedantam RadheShyam.

Lauded for her innovative dancing style, exemplary teaching approach and meticulous attention to the traditions and finer details of her art, Guru Swathi is highly revered as a Kuchipudi artist. She has collected numerous accolades throughout her career, both in the United States and internationally, most recently being awarded the title of ‘Nrutya Kala Ratna’ at the 2016 Vamsi-ATA Award. This prestigious award recognizes Guru Swathi’s extensive and outstanding contribution to the promotion of Kuchipudi in the United States.

Guru Swathi’s artistic excellence is showcased through all aspects of her work as a dancer, choreographer and teacher. She has received critical acclaim for her leading role performances in a number of stage productions and is renowned for her portrayal of both male and female characters.

Her career as a choreographer is equally illustrious, having so far choreographed over 80 pieces influenced by the Natya Shastra theory of the classical theatrical arts. Guru Swathi has achieved an extensive portfolio of dancing experience including choreographing and performing in Hari Keertanacharya Annamaya; Siva Ganga; Ayyappa Sheranam; Priyam Venkatesam; Mohini Basmasura; and Geeta Govindam.

As a teacher, Guru Swathi allows her students the space to express themselves artistically. She is focussed on fostering the unique talents of each of her students by providing innovative lesson plans, an empowering environment and the opportunity to perform publicly. This has included contributing, along with her students, to the creation and achievement of Silicon Andhra’s Guinness World Record for Kuchipudi.

Through her work in both the United States and abroad, Guru Swathi seeks to promote cultural understanding through the classical art form of Kuchipudi. Guru Swarthi has showcased her art on the international stage: performing at cultural festivals; collaborating with international artists; touring her choreographic works; participating in community projects; as well as spreading her knowledge of Kuchipudi through her workshops and classes for dancers of all ages and abilities.

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When can children have their say in family court?

When can children have their say in family court?

In all family court proceedings, the wellbeing of the child is paramount. Stable, loving relationships with both parents is a vital aspect of this wellbeing, regardless of the family’s living arrangements.

Sooner or later, children reach an age where they start wishing they had a say in the comings and goings of their family life. When families do not live together, this can place considerable pressure on an already difficult situation.

So how old should a child be before they can make decisions about where they live? The old wives’ tale that children will be able to "have their say" when they turn 12 is misleading. There is no exact age that a child can decide for themselves where they will live and courts give consideration to a number of factors of which age is but one. Maturity, insight, and awareness must be demonstrated by the child, so they can truly be thought to be freely making an informed decision.

It is disingenuous to give a child the impression that they will be able to control their fate, so to speak, once they turn 12. Not only could this advice prove incorrect if mediation is unsuccessful and the case appears before the court, furthermore misleading the child could damage their relationship with health providers and caregivers. Parents could lose their child's trust while health providers may damage hard-earnt rapport with their client.

If there seem to be psychological reasons for a child’s reluctance to stay with a parent, such as homesickness, anxiety, fear of abandonment and problems with other residents such as step siblings, it is advised to allow the child to see a counsellor who specialises in children. Homesickness is not a sufficient cause for a Court to prevent overnight contact with non-custodial parents. Instead, caregivers and health professionals should encourage to learn coping methods, such as an understanding of time and ways to relax when feeling unsettled. A child counsellor will be able to advise what methods are best to use in each child's specific circumstances.

Family proceedings are often complicated by the extended family network. Siblings, stepfamilies, and grandparents can all make navigating the family court process difficult. This is especially hard when an older sibling is at an age and level of maturity to determine their level of contact with their parents. On the one hand, the family court is usually reluctant to part siblings. However it would be unusual for them to force children that show insight and maturity to stay with a parent when they do not want to.

Family law courts can see past the rhetoric of parents, to establish whether a child's reluctance to see a parent is of their own volition or being influenced by the other parent. Children are sensitive to their parents’ moods ad tone when discussing the other parent, and reluctance to see non-custodial parents can be reflected in the child’s actions. Furthermore, the child might feel like they need to protect the feelings of one parent. Worried they might be betraying loyalties.

It is always important to foster the relationship between a child and both parents unless there are serious reasons not to. Provided the child is safe, both parents should be afforded the time to develop a strong relationship with their children.

A good way to ensure the rights of the child are weighed fairly against the rights of their parents for access is to obtain a court-appointed Independent Child Lawyer (ICL). An ICL will thoroughly research the child's case and weigh it against any previous cases that may have set a precedent on the issue. Using this information, the ICL will form an independent perspective of what is best for the child as well as making the court aware of the child’s opinions.  They will attend court in your child’s place and represent them in all matters.

It takes two to tango, and parental conflict is no different. When assessing the capacity of a child to make their own decisions, consideration must be given to their ability to understand this. However, if a child shows considerable insight and a mature understanding of the circumstances, and they are at no risk of harm, their wishes should be taken into consideration, and legal advice should be sought.

Posted by Seren Trump in Uncategorised, 0 comments